Journal of Islamic Science, Culture & Social Studies
Islamic Science

Preventing Harm or Securing Certainty? Disparities in Religious Court Rulings on Polygamy Permits Resulting from Pregnancy Out of Wedlock

Sifa Mulya Nurani1✉ , Oyo Sunaryo Mukhlas2 , Siah Khosyi'ah3 , Ramdani Wahyu Sururie4 , Rohmad Nurhuda5
1234 Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung
5 Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Ageng Muhammad Besari Ponorogo
Download
PDF
Published
12-07-2026
Pages
90-107

Abstract

The pregnancy of a prospective second wife outside of marriage is not explicitly regulated by law as a valid reason for permitting polygamy, thus creating a legal vacuum and disparities in rulings by religious courts. This study aimed to investigate the causes of these disparities by comparing the Karangasem Religious Court (PA) Decision No. 1/Pdt. G/2018/PA.Kras, which granted the petition, and the Kaimana Religious Court (PA) Decision No. 22/Pdt. G/2019/PA.Kmn, which rejected it. This qualitative study employed a juridical-normative approach. Data collection was conducted through a document analysis of primary legal materials—namely, the two rulings—which were then analyzed using content analysis through the lens of Satjipto Rahardjo’s Progressive Law. The results of the study revealed a sharp divergence in the judges’ legal reasoning. The Karangasem Religious Court judge demonstrated a non-positivist and contextual approach that prioritizes substantive justice by boldly making legal innovations to protect children. The judge applied the fiqh principle of dar’ul mafasid muqaddamun ‘ala jalbil mashalih (preventing harm takes precedence over seeking benefit). In contrast, the judge at the Kaimana Religious Court adopted a rigid, positivistic, and textual approach, strictly adhering to the formal requirements of Law No. 1 of 1974, without considering the sociological urgency of the pregnancy. This study concludes that a progressive legal perspective is highly relevant to this specific case, in which the law serves to protect human beings and prevent greater harm to the legal status of mothers and children.
Keywords: maqasid al-sharia dar' al-mafasid polygamy permit out-of-wedlock pregnancy Islamic family law progressive law

References

  1. Abda’u, F. (2016). Penolakan izin poligami terhadap wanita yang sudah dihamili (studi analisis putusan Pengadilan Agama Kendal Nomor 2202/Pdt.G/2015/PA.Kdl) [Skripsi, UIN Walisongo]. https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/6722/
  2. Ahmad, R. Z. (2023). Perizinan poligami karena hamil di luar nikah. Sakina: Journal of Family Studies, 7(2), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.18860/jfs.v7i2.3560
  3. Akbar, N. R. A. (2020). Analisis putusan hakim Pengadilan Agama Karangasem Nomor 1/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Kras tentang pengabulan permohonan izin poligami ditinjau dari Maqashid al-Syari’ah Ibn ’Asyur [Skripsi, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang]. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/17576
  4. Aliyun, H. A. (2021). Analisis permohonan izin poligami karena calon istri kedua hamil di luar nikah (studi pada Putusan Pengadilan Agama Nomor 1/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Kras) [Tesis, UIN Raden Intan Lampung]. http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/14044/
  5. Anwar, K., & Ikamulia, S. (2019). Perkara izin poligami di Pengadilan Agama Bengkalis (analisis terhadap Putusan Hakim Nomor 0307/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Bkls). JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 18(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v18i2.1656
  6. Anwar, S. (2009). Metode penelitian. Pustaka Pelajar.
  7. Aslikhan, A. (2014). Analisis yuridis terhadap Putusan No. 2355/Pdt.G/2011/PA.Sda tentang izin poligami karena hamil di luar nikah di Pengadilan Agama Sidoarjo [Skripsi, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya]. https://digilib.uinsa.ac.id/2087/
  8. As-Suyuthi, J. (1990). Al-Asybah wan-nazhair. Darul Kutub Ilmiah.
  9. Ayu, R. F., & Kamsi, K. (2022). Perlindungan anak sebagai landasan filosofis dan sosiologis batas usia perkawinan dalam Undang-Undang No. 16 Tahun 2019 perspektif Maqasid Asy-Syari’ah Jasser Auda. Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum, 7(1), 11–34. https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v7i1.4096
  10. Azis, M. A. (2016). Tidak terpenuhi syarat alternatif dalam izin poligami (analisis Putusan Pengadilan Agama Kotabumi Nomor 158/Pdt.G/2011/PA.Ktb) [Skripsi, UIN Walisongo]. https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/6765/
  11. Aziz, F. (2008). Studi terhadap penolakan izin poligami di Pengadilan Agama Yogyakarta Tahun 2005 [Skripsi, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/1412/
  12. Baidhowi. (2017). The dilemma of legal protection for children and women in poligamic case (study of religious court decisions). International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 13(4), 22–31. https://ijbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/LAW-43.pdf
  13. Basaria, I. (2018). Relasi gramatikal subjek Bahasa Pakpak Dairi: Kajian tipologi. Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA), 1(1), 049–058. https://doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v1i1.140
  14. Budiawan, I. W. (2007). Hamil di luar nikah sebagai alasan poligami (studi terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Agama Sleman No. 557/Pdt.G/2003 dan No. 74/Pdt.G/2003/PA.Smn) [Skripsi, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/18408/1/BAB%20I%2C%20V%2C%20DAFTAR%20PUSTAKA.pdf
  15. Bungin, B. (2007). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif: Aktualisasi metodologis ke arah ragam varian kontemporer. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
  16. Christianto, H. (2010). Batasan dan perkembangan penafsiran ekstensif dalam hukum pidana. Jurnal Pamator: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo, 3(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.21107/pamator.v3i2.2408
  17. Damayanti, M., & Haniyah, S. (2021). Peran hakim terkait hak ex-officio dalam kasus perceraian karena kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT) di Pengadilan Negeri dan Pengadilan Agama Purwokerto. Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v5i2.2771
  18. Dania, S. R., Kasmawati, K., Nurlaili, E., Rodliyah, N., & Kulsum, S. S. (2026). Pertimbangan hakim dalam memberikan izin poligami terhadap suami yang melakukan perzinahan dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama Tanjung Karang Nomor 737/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Tnk. Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Humaniora, 5(2), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrish.v5i2.7087
  19. Danial, D. (2023). Polygamy from the perspective of Islamic legal hermeneutics. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 8(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i1.5139
  20. Kaimana, P. A. (2019). Putusan Pengadilan Agama Kaimana Nomor 22/Pdt.G/2019/PA.Kmn. Mahkamah Agung RI. https://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/
  21. Kansil, C. S. (1989). Pengantar ilmu hukum dan tata hukum Indonesia. Balai Pustaka.
  22. Karangasem, P. A. (2018). Putusan Pengadilan Agama Karangasem Nomor 1/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Kras. Mahkamah Agung RI. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/b5f16fe6bbc4ca129902a4a485c8acff.html
  23. Khasanah, D. U. (2018). Permohonan izin poligami dengan alasan calon istri kedua sudah hamil dalam perspektif sadd adz-dzari’ah: Studi analisis putusan di Pengadilan Agama Kendal perkara Nomor 2202/Pdt.G/2015/PA.Kdl [Skripsi, UIN Walisongo Semarang]. https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/8903/
  24. Khotim, A. (2019). Adil dalam poligami menurut Kyai di Jombang perspektif M. Quraish Shihab. At-Tahdzib: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Muamalah, 7(2), 80–99. https://ejournal.staiat-tahdzib.ac.id/index.php/tahdzib/article/download/100/65
  25. Koentjaraningrat. (1984). Kebudayaan Jawa. Balai Pustaka.
  26. Kurniawan, A., & Retnowulandari, W. (2019). Alasan berpoligami dengan mengenyampingkan syarat alternatif demi perlindungan anak dalam kandungan hasil hubungan sebelum perkawinan (studi kasus Putusan Nomor 1821/Pdt.G/2013/PA.Sda). Reformasi Hukum Trisakti, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.25105/refor.v1i1.4381
  27. Maharani, P. A., Siyo, S., & Agusty, R. Z. (2019). Menyoal disparitas produk hakim Pengadilan Agama antara keadilan dan kepastian hukum. Jurnal Legal Reasoning, 1(2), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.35814/jlr.v1i2.2181
  28. Manan, A. (2007). Reformasi hukum Islam di Indonesia: Tinjauan dari aspek metodologis, legalisasi, dan yurisprudensi. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
  29. Mat Zain, M. N., Mahsor, A. F. Z., & Abdul Manap, N. (2023). Measures to curb polygamy scams in Malaysia: A legal perspective. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 1243–1270. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.16031
  30. Mawar, S. (2020). Metode penemuan hukum (interpretasi dan konstruksi) dalam rangka harmonisasi hukum. Jurnal Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Perundang-Undangan dan Pranata Sosial, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22373/justisia.v1i1.2558
  31. Meidina, A. R. (2022). Granting of license polygamy perspective Maqasid: Analysis of Article 4 of Law Number 1 of 1974 and Article 57 of the Compilation of Islamic Law. International Journal of Social Science and Religion (IJSSR), 3(3), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.53639/ijssr.v3i3.73
  32. Muktar, A. (2015). Analisis putusan hakim Pengadilan Agama Ambarawa tentang poligami (studi Putusan No. 1139/Pdt.G/2013/PA.Amb dan No. 0493/Pdt.G/2014/PA.Amb) [Skripsi, IAIN Salatiga]. https://e-repository.perpus.uinsalatiga.ac.id/809/
  33. Nazir, M. (2014). Metode penelitian (ed. ke-9). Ghalia Indonesia.
  34. Nugraha, A., & Akbar, A. (2025). Analisis pertimbangan hakim di Pengadilan Agama Mungkid terkait tidak diterimanya izin poligami yang terpenuhinya syarat kumulatif (No. 296/Pdt.G/2021/PA.Mkd). Bustanul Fuqaha: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam, 6(1), 208–223. https://doi.org/10.36701/bustanul.v6i1.2063
  35. Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Kompilasi Hukum Islam. (1991).
  36. Puspita, P. N. (2015). Analisis hukum Islam terhadap pertimbangan hukum hakim tentang izin poligami dalam Putusan No. 1821/Pdt.G/2013/PA.Sda [Skripsi, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya]. https://digilib.uinsa.ac.id/2095/
  37. Rafiahaini. (2015). Ijtihad hakim Pengadilan Agama Yogyakarta tentang poligami dan kontribusinya terhadap hukum perkawinan [Tesis, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/18828/
  38. Rahardjo, S. (1991). Ilmu hukum. Citra Aditya Bakti.
  39. Rahardjo, S. (2004). Hukum progresif: Penjelajahan suatu gagasan. Newsletter Kajian Hukum Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 59.
  40. Rahardjo, S. (2006). Membedah hukum progresif. Penerbit Buku Kompas.
  41. Rahardjo, S. (2009). Hukum progresif: Sebuah sintesa hukum Indonesia. Genta Publishing.
  42. Rahardjo, S. (2011). Hukum progresif: Hukum yang membebaskan. Jurnal Hukum Progresif, 1(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.14710/hp.1.1.1-24
  43. Rahayu, Y. P. (2005). Dibalik putusan hakim: Kajian psikologi hukum dalam perkara pidana. Srikandi.
  44. Republic of Indonesia. (1974). Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan.
  45. Santoso, L., Khaidarulloh, K., & Al Haqiqi, M. J. (2026). Fragmented legal protection in child marriage prevention: Intersections of state law, religious norms, and local values in East Java. Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum, 11(1), 27–55. https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v11i1.14103
  46. Shanti, I. D. (2009). Penolakan permohonan izin poligami terhadap wanita hamil di luar nikah: Studi kasus No. 68/Pdt.G/2003/PA.Mlng [Skripsi, IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya]. https://digilib.uinsa.ac.id/7105/
  47. Sugiyono. (2016). Metode penelitian manajemen: Pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, kombinasi (mixed methods), penelitian tindakan (action research), penelitian evaluasi. Alfabeta.
  48. Suryabrata, S. (1993). Metodologi penelitian. Rajawali Pers.
  49. Syamsudin, M. (2011). Konstruksi baru budaya hukum hakim berbasis hukum progresif. Kencana.
  50. Taufik, A., & Tohari, I. (2019). Konstruksi nalar rechtvinding hakim dalam pemberian izin poligami yang berkeadilan gender dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama Jombang No. 0899/Pdt.G/2016/PA.Jbg. Al-Hukama: The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Family Law, 9(2), 496–517. https://doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2019.9.2.496-517
  51. Teguh, M. (2001). Metodologi penelitian ekonomi: Teori dan aplikasi. RajaGrafindo Persada.
  52. Tumpa, H. A. (2015). The application of the concepts of rechtsvinding and rechtsschepping by judges in adjudicating a case. Hasanuddin Law Review, 1(2), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v1i2.90
  53. Ulinnuha, N. (2015). Permohonan izin poligami karena calon istri kedua hamil di luar nikah (studi analisis Putusan Nomor 1051/Pdt.G/2012/PA.Ambarawa dan Nomor 0520/Pdt.G/2011/PA.Purbalingga) [Skripsi, STAIN Purwokerto]. https://www.academia.edu/27489319/PERMOHONAN_IZIN_POLIGAMI
  54. Ulum, F. (2013, March 14). Hadis tentang tipologi hakim dalam menetapkan keputusan (studi ma’anil hadis). [Skripsi, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]. http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/7763
  55. Utami, P. P., Saepullah, A., & Shodikin, A. (2023). Protection of women’s rights in polygamy in Indonesia. Journal of Law and Social Politics, 1(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.46799/jlsp.v1i1.2
  56. Wiguna, M. O. C. (2021). Pemikiran hukum progresif untuk perlindungan hukum dan kesejahteraan masyarakat hukum adat. Jurnal Konstitusi, 18(1), 112–137. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1816
  57. Zed, M. (2008). Metode penelitian kepustakaan. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
  58. Zelyn, L. K. (2018). Analisis pengabulan izin poligami dengan alasan telah menghamili calon istri kedua: Analisis putusan Pengadilan Agama Ambarawa Nomor 0687/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Amb [Skripsi, UIN Walisongo Semarang]. https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/8888/

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2026 Sifa Mulya Nurani, Oyo Sunaryo Mukhlas, Siah Khosyi'ah, Ramdani Wahyu Sururie, Rohmad Nurhuda

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  • Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  • Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  • Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

Indexing & Citations

How to Cite

Nurani, S. M. ., Mukhlas, O. S. ., Khosyi'ah, S. ., Sururie, R. W. ., & Nurhuda, R. . (2026). Preventing Harm or Securing Certainty? Disparities in Religious Court Rulings on Polygamy Permits Resulting from Pregnancy Out of Wedlock. Ascarya: Journal of Islamic Science, Culture, and Social Studies, 6(1), 90-107. https://doi.org/10.53754/iscs.v6i1.862
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Similar Articles

21-30 of 98

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.